Sand is not an endless resource and humanity is extracting sand and gravel faster than nature can replinish it, according to a new report launched by the UN Environment Programme (UNEP).
The world currently uses about 50 billion tonnes of sand every year, while extraction is increasing taking place in fragile rivers, lakes, coastal zones and protected marine areas.
Climate change is one of the main drivers of rising demand, as more sand is needed to build infrastructure such as sea walls to protect against rising oceans. Population growth and urbanisation are also fuelling demand, according to the Report.
UNEP warns that whiles and is essential for economic development, it is equally vital for ecosystems, livelihoods and water security.
The report argues that many governments still treat sand as a cheap construction material rather than a strategic resource linked to biodiversity, water security and climate resilience.
But some countries are beginning to rethink that approach. Colombia has formally recognised the importance of sand and gravel as strategic resources, while in Brazil, companies are expanding the use of “ore-sand” – a by-product of mineral processing – which could reduce pressure on rivers and coastal ecosystems traditionally targeted for extraction.
UNEP calls for stronger environmental farsight, greater transparency around extraction permits and a shift away from lowest-cost sourcing practices that often overlook long-term environmental damage.
The agency is urging governments and industry to adopt more sustainable approaches to extraction and highlighted alternatives such as compressed straw, which can be used as a durable and energy-efficient building material.
